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<p><font color="#000000"><em><strong>Caenorhabditis elegans</strong></em> (pronounced <span class="IPA" title="Pronunciation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_English" title="Wikipedia:IPA for English">/ˌsiːnoʊr&aelig;bˈdaɪt<s>ɪ</s>s ˈɛl<s>ɪ</s>g&aelig;nz/</a></span>) is a free-living, transparent <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematode</a> (roundworm), about 1&nbsp;mm in length, which lives in temperate soil environments. Research into the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a> of <em>C. elegans</em> was begun in 1974 by <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> and it has since been used extensively as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-0" title=""><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></asup></supfont></p><table summaryp><font color="Contents" id="toc" class="toc#000000"> <tbody> <tr> <td> </tdfont> </trp> </tbodyh2></table> <p><a namespan class="Biology" id="Biologyeditsection"></a></p><h2span><span class="editsectionmw-headline"></spanfont color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Biology</font></span></h2>

<div class="thumbinner" style="widthWIDTH: 182px;" class><font color="thumbinner#000000"><a hrefimg class="/wiki/File:CrawlingCelegans.gifthumbimage" titleheight="Movement of Wild-type C. elegans95" classalt="image"><img width="180" height="95" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/CrawlingCelegans.gif" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></afont>

<div class="magnify"><a hreffont color="/wiki/File:CrawlingCelegans.gif#000000" title><img height="Enlarge11" classalt="internal"><img width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></afont></div><font color="#000000">Movement of Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em></font></div>

<p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">unsegmented</a>, <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vermiform" title="wikt:vermiform" class="extiw">vermiform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" title="Symmetry (biology)">bilaterally symmetrical</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> integument, four main epidermal cords and a fluid-filled <a href="/wiki/Pseudocoelom" title="Pseudocoelom" class="mw-redirect">pseudocoelomate</a> cavity. Members of the species have many of the same organ systems as other animals. In the wild, they feed on bacteria that develop on decaying vegetable matter. Individuals of <em>C. elegans</em> are almost all <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodite</a>, with males comprising just 0.05% of the total population on average. The basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> includes a mouth, <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>, intestine, <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonad</a>, and collagenous cuticle. Males have a single-lobed gonad, <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, and a tail specialized for mating. Hermaphrodites have two ovaries, oviducts, spermatheca, and a single uterus.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> eggs are laid by the hermaphrodite. After hatching, they pass through four <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larval</a> stages (L1-L4). When crowded or in the absence of food, <em>C. elegans</em> can enter an alternative third larval stage called the <a href="/wiki/Dauer_larva" title="Dauer larva">dauer</a> state. Dauer larvae are stress-resistant and do not age. Hermaphrodites produce all their sperm in the L4 stage (150 sperm per gonadal arm) and then switch over to producing oocytes. The sperm are stored in the same area of the gonad as the oocytes until the first oocyte pushes the sperm into the spermatheca (a kind of chamber where the oocytes become fertilized by the sperm).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-1" title=""><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> The male can inseminate the hermaphrodite, which will use male sperm preferentially (both types of sperm are stored in the spermatheca). When self-inseminated the wild-type worm will lay approximately 300 eggs. When inseminated by a male, the number of progeny can exceed 1,000. At 20<a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">&deg;C</a>, the laboratory strain of <em>C. elegans</em> has an average life span of approximately 2&ndash;3 weeks and a generation time of approximately 4 days. Hermaphrodites can mate with males or self-fertilize.</font></p><p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> has five pairs of <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomes</a> and one pair of <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome" class="mw-redirect">sex chromosomes</a>. Sex in <em>C. elegans</em> is based on an <a href="/wiki/X0_sex-determination_system" title="X0 sex-determination system">X0 sex-determination system</a>. Hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans</em> have a matched pair of sex chromosomes (XX); the rare males have only one sex chromosome (X0).</font></p><p><font color="#000000">It is interesting to note that <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the only forms of life not known to have a natural virus.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-2" title=""><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></asup></supfont></p>

<div class="thumbinner" style="widthWIDTH: 502px;" class><font color="thumbinner#000000"><a hrefimg class="/wiki/File:C_elegans_anatomy.pngthumbimage" titleheight="Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite C. elegans.94" classalt="image"><img width="500" height="94" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/C_elegans_anatomy.png/500px-C_elegans_anatomy.png" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></afont>

<div class="magnify"><a hreffont color="/wiki/File:C_elegans_anatomy.png#000000" title><img height="Enlarge11" classalt="internal"><img width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></afont></div><font color="#000000">Longitudinal section through the hermaphrodite <em>C. elegans.</em></font></div>

<p><a namefont color="Laboratory_uses" id="Laboratory_uses#000000"></afont></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Laboratory uses</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> is studied as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for a variety of reasons. <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">Strains</a> are cheap to breed and can be frozen. When subsequently thawed they remain viable, allowing long-term storage. Because the complete cell lineage of the species has been determined, <em>C. elegans</em> has proven especially useful for studying <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation.</afont>.</p><p><font color="#000000">From a research perspective, <em>C. elegans</em> has the advantage of being a <a href="/wiki/Multicellular" title="Multicellular" class="mw-redirect">multicellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> organism that is simple enough to be studied in great detail. In addition, it is transparent facilitating the study of developmental processes in the intact organism. The developmental fate of every single <a href="/wiki/Somatic_cell" title="Somatic cell">somatic cell</a> (959 in the adult hermaphrodite; 1031 in the adult male) has been mapped out. These patterns of cell lineage are largely invariant between individuals, in contrast to mammals where cell development from the embryo is more largely dependent on cellular cues. In both sexes, a large number of additional cells (131 in the hermaphrodite, most of which would otherwise become <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>), are eliminated by programmed cell death (<a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis).</afont>).</p>

<div class="thumbinner" style="widthWIDTH: 252px;" class><font color="thumbinner#000000"><a hrefimg class="/wiki/File:C_elegans_stained.jpgthumbimage" titleheight="Wild-type C. elegans hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells345" classalt="image"><img width="250" height="345" border="0" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/C_elegans_stained.jpg/250px-C_elegans_stained.jpg" alt="" class="thumbimage" /></afont>

<div class="magnify"><a hreffont color="/wiki/File:C_elegans_stained.jpg#000000" title><img height="Enlarge11" classalt="internal"><img width="15" height="11" src="/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" /></afont></div><font color="#000000">Wild-type <em>C. elegans</em> hermaphrodite stained to highlight the nuclei of all cells</font></div>

<p><font color="#000000">In addition, <em>C. elegans</em> is one of the simplest organisms with a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. In the hermaphrodite, this comprises 302 <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> whose pattern whose pattern of connectivity has been completely mapped out, and shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">small-world network</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3" title=""><spanspan>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Research has explored the neural mechanisms responsible for several of the more interesting behaviors shown by <em>C. elegans</em>, including chemotaxis, thermotaxis, mechanotransduction, and male mating behavior.<a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis"font>chemotaxis</ap><p>, <a hreffont color="/wiki/Thermotaxis" title="Thermotaxis#000000">thermotaxisA useful feature of </aem>, C. elegans<a href="/wiki/Mechanotransduction" title="Mechanotransduction"em>mechanotransduction</a>, and male mating behavior.</p><p>A useful feature of <em>C. elegans</em> is is that it is relatively straightforward to disrupt the function of specific genes by <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA RNA interference">RNA interference</a> (RNAi). <a href="/wiki/Gene_silencing" title="Gene silencing">Silencing</a> the function of a gene in this way can sometimes allow a researcher to infer what the function of that gene may be. The nematode can either be soaked in (or injected with) a solution of double stranded <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>, RNA, the sequence of which is complementary to the sequence of the gene that the researcher wishes to disable. Alternatively, worms can be fed on genetically transformed bacteria which express the double stranded RNA of interest.<a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria"font>bacteria</ap><p> which <a hreffont color="/wiki/Gene_expression#000000" title="Gene expression">express</a> the double stranded RNA of interest.</p><p><em>C. elegans</em> has also been useful in the study of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>meiosis. As sperm and egg nuclei move down the length of the gonad, they undergo a temporal progression through meiotic events. This progression means that every nucleus at a given position in the gonad will be at roughly the same step in meiosis, eliminating the difficulties of heterogeneous populations of cells.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">The organism has also been identified as a model for <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> dependence dependence as it has been found to experience the same symptoms humans experience when they <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">quit smoking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-4" title=""><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></asup></supfont></p><p><font color="#000000">As for most model organisms, there is a dedicated online database for the species that is actively curated by scientists working in this field. The <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">WormBase</a> database attempts to collate all published information on <em>C. elegans</em> and other related nematodes. A reward of $5000 has been advertised on their website, for the finder of a new species of closely related nematode.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5" title=""><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Such a discovery would broaden research opportunities with the worm.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-6" title=""><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></asup></supfont></p><p><a name=font color="Genome" id="Genome#000000"></afont></p><h2><span class="editsectionmw-headline"></span><span classfont color="mw-headline#000000">C. elegans Genome</font></span></h2><p><emfont color="#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> was the first multicellular organism to have its <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> completely <a href="/wiki/Sequencing" title="Sequencing">sequenced</a>. The finished genome sequence was published in 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-7" classclass="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-7" title=""><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> although a number of small gaps were present (the last gap was finished by October 2002). The <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence is approximately 100 million <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> long and contains approximately 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>. The vast majority of these genes encode for <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> but there are likely to be as many as 1,000 <a href="/wiki/RNA_gene" title="RNA gene" class="mw-redirect">RNA genes</a>. RNA genes. Scientific curators continue to appraise the set of known genes, such that new gene predictions continue to be added and incorrect ones modified or removed.</font></p><p><font color="#000000">In 2003, the genome sequence of the related nematode <em>C. briggsae<a href="/wiki/Caenorhabditis_briggsae" title="Caenorhabditis briggsae">C. briggsae</a><//em> was also determined, allowing researchers to study the comparative genomics of these two organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-8" title=""><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> Work is now ongoing to determine the genome sequences of more nematodes from the same <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> such as <em>C. remanei</em>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-9" title=""><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></supsup> <em>C. japonica</em><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a hrefid="#cite_notecite_ref-10" title=""><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> and <em>C. brenneri</em>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11" title=""><spanspan>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> These newer genome sequences are being determined by using the <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_shotgun" title="Whole genome shotgun" class="mw-redirect">whole genome shotgun</a> technique which means that the resulting genome sequences are likely to not be as complete or accurate as <em>C. elegans</em> (which was sequenced using the 'hierarchical' or <a href="/wiki/Clone_(genetics)" title="Clone (genetics)" class="mw-redirect">clone</a>-by-clone approach).</font></p><p>The <font color="#000000">The official version of the <em>C. elegans</em> genome sequence continues to change as and when new evidence reveals errors in the original sequencing (<a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequencing</a> is not an error-free process). Most changes are minor, adding or removing only a few <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">base pairs</a> ((bp) of DNA. E.g. the WS169 release of <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/" title="http://www.wormbase.org" class="external text">WormBase</a> (December 2006) lists a net gain of 6 bp to the genome sequence.<sup idclass="reference" id="cite_ref-WS169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS169-12" title=""><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Occasionally more extensive changes are made, e.g. the WS159 release of May 2006 added over 300 bp to the sequence.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WS159_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WS159-13" title=""><><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></asup></supfont></p><p><font color="#000000"><a nameid="Evolution" idname="Evolution"></a></font></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">Evolution<font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Evolution</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000">It has been shown that a small number of conserved protein sequences from sponges are more similar to humans than to <em>C. elegans</em>.<a hrefsup class="/wiki/Proteinreference" titleid="Protein"cite_ref-14">protein<span>[</aspan>15<span> sequences from ]<a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge" title="Sea sponge" class="mw-redirect"span>sponges</asup> are more similar to humans than to This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the <em>C. elegans</em>lineage.The same study found that several phylogenetically ancient genes are not present in <sup idem>C. elegans</em>.</font></p><p><font color="cite_ref-14" class="reference#000000"><a hrefid="#cite_note-14Scientific_community" titlename="Scientific_community"><span/a></font>[</spanp><h2>15<spanclass="editsection">]</span></aspan class="mw-headline"></supfont color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"> This suggests that there has been an accelerated rate of evolution in the <emfont color="#000000">C. elegans</emfont> <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)"span>lineageScientific community</afont>. The same study found that several <a href="/wikispan></Phylogenetically" titleh2><p><font color="Phylogenetically" class="mw-redirect#000000">phylogenetically</a> ancient genes are not present In 2002, the Nobel Prize in <em>CPhysiology or Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. elegansRobert Horvitz and John Sulston for their work on the genetics of organ development and programmed cell death (PCD) in </em>C.elegans</p><pem>. The 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello, for their discovery of RNA interference in <a name="Scientific_community" id="Scientific_community"em>C. elegans</aem>.</p><h2><span sup class="editsectionreference"></span><span classid="mwcite_ref-headline15">Scientific community</span>[</h2span>16<pspan>In 2002, the ]<a href="/wikispan></Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"sup>. In 2008 Martin Chalfie shared a Nobel Prize in Physiology or MedicineChemistry for his work on green fluorescent protein (GFP) in <em>C. elegans</aem> was awarded to .<a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner"font>Sydney Brenner</ap><p>, <a hreffont color="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz#000000">HBecause all research into <em>C. Robert Horvitzelegans</aem> and <essentially started with Sydney Brenner in the 1970s, many scientists working in this field share a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston" class="mwclose connection to Brenner (they either worked as a post-doctoral or post-redirect">John Sulston</a> for their work on graduate researcher in Brenner's lab or in the genetics lab of organ development and <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">programmed cell death</a> (PCDsomeone who previously worked with Brenner) . Because most people who worked in <em>C. his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of <em>C. elegans</em>scientists. The 2006 <a href="This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the Wormbase database.</wikifont></Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinep><p><font color=" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine#000000">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> was awarded to <a hrefid="/wiki/Andrew_FireIn_the_media" titlename="Andrew FireIn_the_media">Andrew Fire</a> and <a href="/wikifont></Craig_C._Mello" titlep><h2><span class="Craig C. Melloeditsection" ></span><span class="mw-redirectheadline">Craig C. Mello</afont color="#000000">, for their discovery of <a href<span class="/wiki/RNA_interferencemw-headline" title><font color="RNA interference#000000">RNA interferenceC. elegans </afont> in <em/span>C. elegansIn the media</emfont>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"/span></h2><p><a hreffont color="#cite_note-15" title="000000"><spanem>[C. elegans</spanem>16made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the Space Shuttle <spanem>]Columbia</span></aem>disaster in February 2003.</sup>. In 2008 <a href=class="reference"/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" titleid="Martin Chalfiecite_ref-16">Martin Chalfie<span>[</aspan>17<span> shared a ]<a href="/wikispan></Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry"sup>Nobel Prize Later, in Chemistry</a> for his work on <a href="/wiki/Green_fluorescent_protein" title="Green fluorescent protein">green fluorescent protein</a> (GFP) in <em>C. January 2009, it was announced that live samples of C.elegans</em>from the University of Nottingham will spend two weeks on the International Space Station as part of a project to explore the effects of zero gravity on muscle development and its physiology.</p><p>Because all research into <em>CThe emphasis of the research will be on the genetic basis of muscle atrophy. This has relevance to space travel, but also to individuals who are bed-ridden, geriatric or diabetic. elegans</em> essentially started with <a hrefsup class="/wiki/Sydney_Brennerreference" titleid="Sydney Brennercite_ref-17">Sydney Brenner<span>[</aspan> in the 1970s, many scientists working in this field share a close connection to Brenner (they either worked as a 18<span>]<a href="/wikispan></Post-doctoral" titlesup></font></p><p><font color="#000000"><a id="Post-doctoralSee_also" classname="mw-redirectSee_also">post-doctoral</a> or <a href="/wikifont></Post-graduate" titlep><h2><span class="Post-graduateeditsection" ></span><span class="mw-redirectheadline">post-graduate</afont color="#000000"> researcher in Brenner's lab or in the lab of someone who previously worked with Brenner). Because most people who worked in his lab went on to establish their own worm research labs, there is now a fairly well documented 'lineage' of <em>C. elegans</em> scientists. This lineage was recorded in some detail at the 2003 International Worm Meeting and the results were stored in the <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">Wormbase</a> database.</p><p><a name="In_the_media" id="In_the_media"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline">In the media</span></h2><p><em>C. elegans</em> made news when it was discovered that specimens had survived the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">Space Shuttle <em>Columbia</em> disaster</a> in February 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16" title=""><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> Later, in January 2009, it was announced that live samples of C.elegans from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> will spend two weeks on the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> as part of a project to explore the effects of <a href="/wiki/Zero_gravity" title="Zero gravity" class="mw-redirect">zero gravity</a> on muscle development and its physiology. The emphasis of the research will be on the genetic basis of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a>. This has relevance to space travel, but also to individuals who are bed-ridden, <a href="/wiki/Geriatric" title="Geriatric" class="mw-redirect">geriatric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diabetic" title="Diabetic" class="mw-redirect">diabeticSee also about </a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" span class="reference"><a href="#cite_notemw-17headline" title=""><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"font color="#000000">C. elegans </afont></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"font>See also</span></h2>

<li><a hreffont color="/wiki/Animal_testing_on_invertebrates" title="Animal testing on invertebrates#000000">Animal testing on invertebrates</afont> </li>

<p><font color="#000000"><a nameid="References" idname="References"></a></font></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>References</font></span></h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><a hreffont color="#cite_ref-0" title="000000">^</astrong>^</strong> <cite styleclass="font-style: normal;Journal" id="CITEREFBrenner.2C_S.1974" classstyle="JournalFONT-STYLE: normal">Brenner, S. 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Schedl (2004)rft. genre=article&quotamp;<a relrft.atitle="nofollow" href="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get%27%27fog-2%27%27+and+the+Evolution+of+Self-document&amp;doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030006" title="http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-documentFertile+Hermaphroditism+in+%27%27Caenorhabditis%27%27&amp;doirft.jtitle=10.1371/journal%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.pbio+Schedl&amp;rft.0030006" classau="external text"><em>fog-2</em> and the Evolution of Self-Fertile Hermaphroditism in <em>Caenorhabditis</em></a>Nayak%2C+S.%2C+J.+Goree+%26+T.+Schedl&quotamp;rft. <em><a hrefdate="/wiki/PLoS_Biology" title2004&amp;rft.volume="PLoS Biology">PLoS Biology</a></em> <strong>3</strong> (&amp;rft.issue=1): e6&amp;rft. <a hrefpages="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" titlee6&amp;rft_id="Digital object identifier">info:doi</a>:<span class10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006&amp;rft_id="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dxhttp%3A%2F%2Fbiology.doiplosjournals.org/10%2Fperlserv%2F%3Frequest%3Dget-document%26doi%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006" title&amp;rfr_id="httpinfo:sid//dxen.doiwikipedia.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030006:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class><span style="external textDISPLAY: none">10.1371&nbsp;</span></journal.pbio.0030006span> </afont></spanli> <span classli id="printonlycite_note-2">. <a relfont color="#000000"><strong>^</strong> <cite class="nofollowJournal" hrefid="http://biologyCITEREFShaham_S.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request2006" style=get"FONT-documentSTYLE: normal">Shaham S. 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Retrieved on 2007-01-21. <strong/font>317</strongli> (5842): 1157. <a hrefli id="/wiki/Digital_object_identifiercite_note-14" title><font color="Digital object identifier#000000">doi<strong>^</astrong>:<span cite class="neverexpandJournal"><a relid="nofollowCITEREFGamulin2000" hrefstyle="httpFONT-STYLE://dx.doi.org/10normal">Gamulin, V (December 2000).1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b" title="http:&quot;Sponge proteins are more similar to those of <em>Homo sapiens</em> than to <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157b" class="external text"em>10.1126/science&quot;.317.5842.1157b</aem>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</spanem>.(Academic Press) <strong>71</strong> (4): 821&ndash;828.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=SlimeSponge+proteins+are+more+similar+to+forthose+aof+dime&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B27%5BScience27Homo+sapiens%27%28journal27+than+to+%2927%7CScience27Caenorhabditis+elegans%5D27%5D27&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.aulast=DolginGamulin&amp;rft.aufirst=ElieV&amp;rft.au=DolginGamulin%2C+ElieV&amp;rft.date=AugustDecember+20072000&amp;rft.volume=31771&amp;rft.issue=58424&amp;rft.pages=1157821%E2%80%93828&amp;rft_idrft.pub=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.317.5842.1157bAcademic+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="displayDISPLAY: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </font></li> <li id="cite_note-715"><strong><a href=font color="#cite_ref-7" title="000000">^</astrong>^</strong> <cite styleclass="font-style: normal;Journal" id="CITEREFThe_CITEREFFire_A.272C_Xu_S.27C2C_Montgomery_MK._elegans2C_Kostas_SA.272C_Driver_SE.27_Sequencing_Consortium19982C_Mello_CC1998" classstyle="JournalFONT-STYLE: normal">The <em>C. elegans</em> Sequencing Consortium Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). &quot;Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot;. <em>Nature<a rel="nofollow" href=/em> <strong>391</strong> (6669): 806&ndash;11. doi:<span class="neverexpand"http:>10.1038/35888</wwwspan>.sciencemagPMID 9486653.org</cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012cite><span class="Z3988" title="http://wwwctx_ver=Z39.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" class88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt="external text">Genome sequence of the nematode <em>Cinfo%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft. elegans</em>: a platform for investigating biology</a>genre=article&quotamp;rft. <em><a hrefatitle="/wiki/Science_(journal)" titlePotent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle="Science (journal)">Science</a></em> <strong>282</strong>: 2012&ndash;2018. <a hrefNature&amp;rft.aulast="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dxFire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.doi.org/10.1126au=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2Fscience.282.5396.2012" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.11262C+Montgomery+MK%2Fscience.282.53962C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.2012" classdate="external text">10February+1998&amp;rft.1126/sciencevolume=391&amp;rft.282.5396issue=6669&amp;rft.2012<pages=806%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/a></span>10. <a href1038%2F35888&amp;rft_id="httpinfo:pmid//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916" title9486653&amp;rfr_id="httpinfo:sid//wwwen.ncbiwikipedia.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9851916org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class><span style="externalDISPLAY: none">PMID 9851916&nbsp;</aspan></span class="printonly">. <a rel/font></li> <li id="nofollowcite_note-16" href><font color="http:#000000"><strong>^</strong> &quot;Worms survived Columbia disaster&quot;, BBC News (2003-05-01)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 11 July 2008</www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012span>.<span class="Z3988" title="http://wwwctx_ver=Z39.sciencemag88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012" classtype="external free">http://wwwnewspaperArticle&amp;rft.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/282/5396/2012</a></span>.</cite><span titlesubject="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004News&amp;rft_val_fmtrft.title=infoWorms+survived+Columbia+disaster&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%3Aofi2F1%2Ffmt2Fhi%3Akev2Fsci%3Amtx2Ftech%3Ajournal&amp;rft2F2992123.genre=articlestm&amp;rft.atitlepublisher=Genome+sequence+of+the+nematode+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27%3A+a+platform+for+investigating+biology&amp;rft.jtitle=%%5B%5BScience5BBBC+%28journal%29%7CScienceNews%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulastdate=2003-05-01"><span style=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium"DISPLAY: none">&ampnbsp;rft.au=The+%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+Sequencing+Consortium&amp;rft.date</span></span> </font></li> <li id=1998&amp;rft.volume=282&amp;rft.pages=2012%E2%80%932018&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5396.2012&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9851916&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fabstract%2F282%2F5396%2F2012&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-8" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFStein.2C_L._D._.27.27et_al..27.272003" class="Journal">Stein, L. D. <em>et al.</em> (2003). &quot;The Genome Sequence of <em>Caenorhabditis briggsae</em>: A Platform for Comparative Genomics&quot;. <em><a href="/wiki/PLoS_Biology" title="PLoS Biology">PLoS Biology</a></em> <strong>1</strong>: 166&ndash;192. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045" class="external text">10.1371/journal.pbio.0000045</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Genome+Sequence+of+%27%27Caenorhabditis+briggsae%27%27%3A+A+Platform+for+Comparative+Genomics&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BPLoS+Biology%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.au=Stein%2C+L.+D.+%27%27et+al.%27%27&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=1&amp;rft.pages=166%E2%80%93192&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0000045&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-9" title="">^</a></strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20remanei" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20remanei" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis remanei</em>: Background</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-10" title="">^</a></strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20japonica" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20japonica" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis japonica</em>: Background</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-11" title="">^</a></strong> Genome Sequencing Center. &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20brenneri" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20brenneri" class="external text"><em>Caenorhabditis brenneri</em>: Background</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Washington University School of Medicine">Washington University School of Medicine</a>. Retrieved on 2008-07-11. </li> <li id="cite_note-WS169-12"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-WS169_12-0" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS169" title="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS169" class="external text">WormBaseWiki WS169 release notes</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">Wormbase</a>. Retrieved on 2007-02-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-WS159-13"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-WS159_13-0" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS159" title="http://www.wormbase.org/wiki/index.php/WS159" class="external text">WormBaseWiki WS159 release notes</a>&quot;. <a href="/wiki/Wormbase" title="Wormbase">Wormbase</a>. Retrieved on 2007-01-21. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-14" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFGamulin2000" class="Journal">Gamulin, V (December 2000). &quot;Sponge proteins are more similar to those of <em>Homo sapiens</em> than to <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>&quot;. <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society</em> (Academic Press) <strong>71</strong> (4): 821&ndash;828.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Sponge+proteins+are+more+similar+to+those+of+%27%27Homo+sapiens%27%27+than+to+%27%27Caenorhabditis+elegans%27%27&amp;rft.jtitle=Biological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Gamulin&amp;rft.aufirst=V&amp;rft.au=Gamulin%2C+V&amp;rft.date=December+2000&amp;rft.volume=71&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=821%E2%80%93828&amp;rft.pub=Academic+Press&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-15" title="">^</a></strong> <cite style="font-style: normal;" id="CITEREFFire_A.2C_Xu_S.2C_Montgomery_MK.2C_Kostas_SA.2C_Driver_SE.2C_Mello_CC1998" class="Journal">Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (February 1998). &quot;Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans&quot;. <em>Nature</em> <strong>391</strong> (6669): 806&ndash;11. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35888" title="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F35888" class="external text">10.1038/35888</a></span>. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486653" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9486653" class="external">PMID 9486653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Potent+and+specific+genetic+interference+by+double-stranded+RNA+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft.aulast=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.au=Fire+A%2C+Xu+S%2C+Montgomery+MK%2C+Kostas+SA%2C+Driver+SE%2C+Mello+CC&amp;rft.date=February+1998&amp;rft.volume=391&amp;rft.issue=6669&amp;rft.pages=806%E2%80%9311&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F35888&amp;rft_id=info:pmid/9486653&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-16" title="">^</a></strong> &quot;<a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2992123.stm" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2992123.stm" class="external text">Worms survived Columbia disaster</a>&quot;, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (2003-05-01)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved on 11 July 2008</span>.<span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rft.type=newspaperArticle&amp;rft.subject=News&amp;rft.title=Worms+survived+Columbia+disaster&amp;rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fsci%2Ftech%2F2992123.stm&amp;rft.publisher=%5B%5BBBC+News%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2003-05-01" class="Z3988"><span style="display: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><strong><a href"cite_note-17"><font color="#cite_ref-17" title="000000">^</a></strong> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk^</1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm" class="external free"strong>http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/nottinghamshire/7835020.stm</afont> </li>

<p><font color="#000000"><a nameid="Publications" idname="Publications"></a></font></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Publications</font></span></h2>

<li><font color="#000000"><cite styleclass="font-style: normal;book" id="CITEREFBird.2C_Jean.3B_Bird.2C_Alan_C.1991" classstyle="bookFONT-STYLE: normal">Bird, Jean; Bird, Alan C. (1991). <em>The structure of nematodes</em>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp.&nbsp;1, 69&ndash;70, 152&ndash;153, 165, 224&ndash;225. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0120996510" class="internal">ISBN 0-12-099651-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+structure+of+nematodes&amp;rft.aulast=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.au=Bird%2C+Jean%3B+Bird%2C+Alan+C.&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%2C+69%E2%80%9370%2C+152%E2%80%93153%2C+165%2C+224%E2%80%93225&amp;rft.place=Boston&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BAcademic+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-12-099651-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="displayDISPLAY: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </font> </li>

<li><font color="#000000"><cite styleclass="font-style: normal;book" id="CITEREFHope.2C_Ian_A.1999" classstyle="bookFONT-STYLE: normal">Hope, Ian A. (1999). <em>C. elegans: a practical approach</em>. Oxford [Oxfordshire]: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;6. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199637385" class="internal">ISBN 0-19-963738-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=C.+elegans%3A+a+practical+approach&amp;rft.aulast=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.au=Hope%2C+Ian+A.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%936&amp;rft.place=Oxford+%5BOxfordshire%5D&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BOxford+University+Press%5D%5D&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-963738-5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="displayDISPLAY: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </font> </li>

<li><font color="#000000"><cite styleclass="font-style: normal;book" id="CITEREFRiddle.2C_D.L..2C_T._Blumenthal.2C_R._J._Meyer_.26_J._R._Priess1997" classstyle="bookFONT-STYLE: normal">Riddle, D.L., T. Blumenthal, R. J. Meyer &amp; J. R. Priess (1997). <em><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" class="external text">C. elegans <em>II</em></a></em>. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York. pp.&nbsp;1&ndash;4, 679&ndash;683. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879695323" class="internal">ISBN 0-87969-532-3</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2" class="external free">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27C.+elegans%27%27+II&amp;rft.aulast=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.au=Riddle%2C+D.L.%2C+T.+Blumenthal%2C+R.+J.+Meyer+%26+J.+R.+Priess&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%934%2C+679%E2%80%93683&amp;rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press%2C+New+York&amp;rft.isbn=0-87969-532-3&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Frid%3Dce2&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Caenorhabditis_elegans" class="Z3988"><span style="displayDISPLAY: none;">&nbsp;</span></span> </font> </li>

<p><font color="#000000"><a nameid="Online_resources" idname="Online_resources"></a></font></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Online resources</font></span></h2>

<li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbase.org/" title="http://www.wormbase.org" classfont color="external text#000000">WormBase</a> - an extensive online database covering the biology and genomics of <em>C. elegans</em> and other nematodes </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.wormbook.org/" title="http://www.wormbook.org/" class="external text#000000">WormBook</a> - a free online compendium of all aspects of <em>C. elegans</em> biology, including laboratory protocols </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.wormatlas.org/" title="http://www.wormatlas.org" class="external text#000000">Wormatlas</a> - an online database for behavioral and structural anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" hreffont color="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/C_elegans" title="http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Projects/C_elegans" class="external text#000000">Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <em>C. elegans</em> page</a> - half of the genome sequence is still maintained by this institute </font></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOME=Caenorhabditis%20elegans" title="http://genome.wustl.edu/genome.cgi?GENOMEfont color=Caenorhabditis%20elegans" class="external text#000000">WashU Genome Sequencing Center <em>C. elegans</em> page</a> - the institute maintaining the other half of the genome </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/index.html?worm" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/IEB/Research/Acembly/index.html?worm" class="external text#000000">AceView WormGenes</a> - another genome database for <em>C. elegans</em>, maintained at the NCBI </font></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.tcnj.edu/~nayaklab" title="http://www.tcnj.edu/~nayaklab" classfont color="external text#000000">TCNJ Worm Lab</a> - Easy to follow protocols and pictures for <em>C. elegans</em> research. Made by undergrads for undergrads. </font></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.wormclassroom.org/" title="http://www.wormclassroom.org" classfont color="external text#000000">Worm Classroom</a> - An education portal for <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" hreffont color="http://www.textpresso.org/" title="http://www.textpresso.org/" class="external text#000000">Textpresso</a> - WormBase search engine </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/goldstein/lab/movies.html" title="http://www.bio.unc.edu/faculty/goldstein/lab/movies.html" class="external text#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> movies</a> - Timelapse films made by <em>C. elegans</em> researchers worldwide </font></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=ce2.TOC" title="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=ce2.TOC" classfont color="external text#000000"><em>C. elegans</em> II</a> - a free online textbook. </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.silencinggenomes.org/" title="http://www.silencinggenomes.org" class="external text#000000">Silencing Genomes</a> RNA interference (RNAi) experiments and bioinformatics in <em>C. elegans</em> for education. From the Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/EWBANK_jonathan/3D/mainpage.html" title="http://www.ciml.univ-mrs.fr/EWBANK_jonathan/3D/mainpage.html" class="external text#000000">C.elegans 3D model by the Ewbank Lab</a> - Videos and photos that explain the basic anatomy of <em>C. elegans</em> </font></li> <li><a relfont color="nofollow" href="http://www.wormtracker.de/" title="http://www.wormtracker.de/" class="external text#000000">WormTracker</afont> </li>

<p><font color="#000000"><a nameid="Nobel_lectures" idname="Nobel_lectures"></a></font></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>Nobel lectures</font></span></h2>

<li>Brenner S (2002) Nature's Gift to Science. In. <a relclass="nofollowexternal free" hreftitle="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf" class="external free">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/brenner-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Horvitz HR (2002) Worms, Life and Death. In. <a relclass="nofollowexternal free" hreftitle="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf" class="external free">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/horvitz-lecture.pdf</a> </li> <li>Sulston JE (2002) The Cell Lineage and Beyond. In. <a relclass="nofollowexternal free" hreftitle="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf" class="external free">http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2002/sulston-lecture.pdf</a> </li>

<p><a nameid="External_links" idname="External_links"></a></p><h2><span class="editsection"></span><span class="mw-headline"><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">C. elegans </font></span>External links</span></h2>

<li><a relclass="nofollowexternal text" hreftitle="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" titlerel="nofollow" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/21/science/21find.html" class="external text">Nematodes With a Craving for Nicotine</a> </li>