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<p><span style="font-size: small">Optimism bias is the demonstrated systematic tendency for people to be over-optimistic about the outcome of planned actions. </span></p><p><span style="font-size: small">This includes over-estimating the likelihood of positive events and under-estimating the likelihood of negative events. Along with the illusion of control and illusory superiority, it is one of the positive illusions to which people are generally susceptible. Excessive optimism can result in cost overruns, benefit shortfalls, and delays when plans are implemented or expensive projects are built. In extreme cases these can result in defeats in military conflicts, ultimate failure of a project or economic bubbles such as market crashes.</span></p>