<p><font color="#000000"><strong>Nutrigenomics</strong> is the study of molecular relationships between <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> and the response of <font color="#002bb8">genes</font>, with the aim of extrapolating how such subtle changes can affect <font color="#002bb8">human health</font>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-0"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></font></sup> Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the <font color="#5a3696">genome</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font>, and <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font>. By determining the mechanism of the effects of <font color="#002bb8">nutrients</font> or nutrients or the effects of a nutritional regime, Nutrigenomics tries to define the <font color="#002bb8">relationship</font> between these specific nutrients and specific nutrient regimes (diets) on human health. Nutrigenomics has been associated with the idea of personalized nutrition based on genotype. While there is hope that nutrigenomics will ultimately enable such personalised dietary advice, it is a science still in its infancy and its contribution to <font color="#002bb8">public health</font> over the next decade is thought to be minor.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-0"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></fontsup></supfont></p><p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Definitions</font color="#000000">Definitions</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000">Nutrigenomics focuses on the effect of nutrients on the <font color="#5a3696">genome</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font>, and <font color="#002bb8">metabolome</font>. It is applying the sciences of <font color="#002bb8">genomics</font>, <font color="#002bb8">transcriptomics</font>, <font color="#002bb8">proteomics</font> and <font color="#002bb8">metabolomics</font> to metabolomics to human <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> in order to understand the <font color="#002bb8">relationship</font> between <font color="#002bb8">nutrition</font> and <font color="#002bb8">health</font>. Nutrigenomics is a new science and has several different definitions. Nutrigenomics has been defined as the application of high-throughput genomic tools in nutrition research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-1"><font color="#002bb8"><span>span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> The term <font color="#002bb8">high throughput</font> tools in nutrigenomics refers to genetic tools that enable literally millions of genetic screening tests to be conducted at a single time. When such high throughput screening is applied in nutrition research, it allows the examination of how nutrients affect the thousands of genes present in the human genome. Nutrigenomics involves the characterization of <font color="#002bb8">gene products</font> and the physiological function and <font color="#002bb8">interactions</font> of these products. This includes how nutrients impact on the production and action of specific gene products and how these proteins in turn affect the response to nutrients. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></fontsup></supfont></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000"></font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline">Background and preventive health<font color="#000000">Background and preventive health</font></span></h2><p>Throughout the 20th century, <font color="#002bb8000000">Throughout the 20th century, nutritional science</font> focused on finding <font color="#002bb8">vitamins</font> vitamins and <font color="#002bb8">minerals</font>, defining their use and preventing the <font color="#002bb8">deficiency diseases</font> that they caused. As the nutrition related health problems of the <font color="#002bb8">developed world</font> shifted to <font color="#002bb8">overnutrition</font>, <font color="#002bb8"obesity and type two diabetes, the focus of modern medicine and of nutritional science changed accordingly.</font>obesity</fontp><p> and <font color="#002bb8000000">type two diabetes</font>In order to address the increasing incidence of these diet-related-diseases, the focus role of <font color="#002bb8">modern medicine</font> diet and nutrition has been and continues to be extensively studied. To prevent the development of nutritional science changed accordingly.</p><p>In order to address the increasing <font color="#002bb8">incidence</font> disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and maintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body homeostasis. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude of these dietnutrient-related-diseasesinteractions at the gene, the role of diet protein and metabolic levels. As a result, nutrition research has been shifted from epidemiology and continues physiology to be extensively studied. To prevent the development of disease, nutrition research is investigating how nutrition can optimize and maintain cellular, tissue, organ and whole body molecular biology and genetics<font colorsup class="#002bb8reference">homeostasisid="cite_ref-muller_1-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></fontsup>and nutrigenomics was born. This requires understanding how nutrients act at the molecular level. This involves a multitude of nutrient-related interactions at the gene, protein and metabolic levels. As a result, nutrition research has shifted from <font color="</font></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000">epidemiology</font> and <font color="#002bb8">physiology</font> The emergence and development of nutrigenomics has been possible due to <font color="#002bb8">molecular biology</font> and <font color="#002bb8">powerful developments in genetic research. Inter-individual differences in genetics</font><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-2"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup> and nutrigenomics was born, or genetic variability, which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early in nutrition research, and such phenotypes were described. With the progress in genetics, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional relevance were linked to a genetic origin. Genetic disorders which cause pathological effects were described.</p><p>The emergence and development of nutrigenomics has been possible due to powerful developments Such genetic disorders include the polymorphism in the gene for the hormone Leptin which results in <font color="#002bb8">genetic</font> <font color="#002bb8">research</font>gross obesity. Other gene polymorphisms were described with consequences for human nutrition. Inter-individual differences in geneticsThe folate metabolism is a good example, or where a common polymorphism exists for the gene that encodes the methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR).</font color="#002bb8">genetic variability<//p><p><fontcolor="#000000">It was realized however, that there are possibly thousands of other gene polymorphisms which have an effect on metabolism and on phenotypes were recognized early may result in nutrition research, and such phenotypes were described. With the progress minor deviations in geneticsnutritional biochemistry, biochemical disorders with a high nutritional <font color="#002bb8">relevance</font> were linked where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviations. The tools to a genetic origin. <font color="#002bb8">Genetic disorders</font> which cause pathological effects study the physiological impact were described. Such genetic disorders include not available at the polymorphism in time and are only now becoming available enabling the gene for development of nutrigenomics. Such tools include those that measure the hormone <font color="#002bb8">Leptin</font> which results in gross obesitytranscriptome - DNA microarray, Exon array, Tiling arrays, single nucleotide polymorphism arrays and genotyping. Other gene <font color="#002bb8">polymorphisms</font> were described with consequences for human nutritionTools that measure the proteome are less developed. The <font color="#002bb8">folate</font> metabolism is a good exampleThese include methods based on gel electrophoresis, where a common polymorphism exists for chromatography and mass spectrometry. Finally the gene tools that encodes measure the metabolome are also less developed and include methods based on nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and mass spectrometry often in combination with gas and liquid chromatography.</font color></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000">methylene-tetrahydro-folate reductase (MTHFR)&nbsp;</font>.</p><ph2>It was realized however, that there are possibly thousands <span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Rationale and aims of other gene polymorphisms which may result in minor deviations in nutritional biochemistrynutrigenomics</font></span></h2><p><font color="#000000">In nutrigenomics, where only marginal or additive effects would result from these deviationsnutrients are seen as signals that tell a specific cell in the body about the diet. The tools to study nutrients are detected by a sensor system in the physiological impact were not available at the time and are only now becoming available enabling the development of nutrigenomicscell. Such tools include those that measure a sensory system works like sensory ecology whereby the cell obtains information through the transcriptome - <font color="#002bb8">DNA microarray</font>signal, <font color="#002bb8">Exon</font> arraythe nutrient, Tiling arraysabout its environment, <font color="#002bb8">single nucleotide polymorphism</font> arrays and <font color="#002bb8">genotyping</font>. Tools which is the diet. The sensory system that measure interprets information from nutrients about the <font color="#002bb8">proteome</font> are less developeddietary environment include transcription factors together with many additional proteins. These include methods based on <font color="#002bb8">gel electrophoresis</font>Once the nutrient interacts with such a sensory system, it changes gene, <font color="#002bb8">chromatography</font> protein expression and <font color="#002bb8">mass spectrometry</font>. Finally metabolite production in accordance with the tools that measure level of nutrient it senses. As a result, different diets should elicit different patterns of gene and protein expression and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the <font color="#002bb8"patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <em>metabolomedietary signatures</fontem> . Such dietary signatures are also less developed examined in specific cells, tissues and include methods based on <font color="#002bb8">nuclear magnetic resonance imaging</font> organisms and <font color="#002bb8">mass spectrometry</font> often in combination with <font color="#002bb8">gas in this way the manner by which nutrition influences homeostasis is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and liquid chromatography</font>then their regulation is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span sup class="mwreference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-headline3">Rationale and aims of nutrigenomics<span>[</span>2<span>]</h2span><p/sup>In nutrigenomics, nutrients are seen as </font color="#002bb8">signals</fontp><p> that tell a specific <font color="#002bb8000000">cell</font> It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences metabolic pathways and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the body about the <font color="#002bb8">development of chronic diet</font>related diseases such as obesity and type two diabetes. The nutrients are detected by a sensor system in Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding markers of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the cell. Such a sensory system works like <font color="#002bb8">sensory ecology</font> whereby phase at which intervention with nutrition can return the cell obtains information through patient to health. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the signal, effect of different genetic predispositions in the nutrientdevelopment of such diseases, about its environmentonce a marker has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which is the they are susceptible to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</font color="#002bb8">diet</fontp><p>. The sensory system that interprets information from nutrients about the dietary environment include <font color="#002bb8000000">transcription factors</font> together with many additional proteins. Once The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of bioactive food compounds on health and the nutrient interacts with such a sensory systemeffect of health foods on health, it changes which should lead to the development of functional foods that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</font color="#002bb8">gene</fontp><p>, <font color="#002bb8000000">Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression</font> and metabolite production in accordance with have been developed to the level of nutrient it sensespoint as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. As a resultAlso once such research has been achieved, different diets should elicit different patterns it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of gene and development.</font color></p><p><font color="#002bb8000000">protein expression&nbsp;</font> and metabolite production. Nutrigenomics seeks to describe the patterns of these effects which have been referred to as <em/p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">dietary signaturesReferences</em>. Such dietary signatures are examined in specific cells, tissues and organisms and in this way the manner by which nutrition influences <font color="#002bb8">homeostasis</font> is investigated. Genes which are affected by differing levels of nutrients need first to be identified and then their <font color="#002bb8">regulation</font> is studied. Differences in this regulation as a result of differences in genes between individuals are also studied. <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-muller_1-3"><font color="#002bb8"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></font></sup></p><p>It is hoped that by building up knowledge in this area, nutrigenomics will promote an increased understanding of how nutrition influences <font color="#002bb8">metabolic pathways</font> and homeostatic control, which will then be used to prevent the development of <font color="#002bb8">chronic</font> diet related diseases such as <font color="#002bb8">obesity</font> and <font color="#002bb8">type two diabetes</font>. Part of the approach of nutrigenomics involves finding <font color="#002bb8">markers</font> of the early phase of diet related diseases; this is the phase at which <font color="#002bb8">intervention</font> with nutrition can return the patient to <font color="#002bb8">health</font>. As nutrigenomics seeks to understand the effect of different <font color="#002bb8">genetic predispositions</font> in the development of such diseases, once a <font color="#002bb8">marker</font> has been found and measured in an individual, the extent to which they are <font color="#002bb8">susceptible</font> to the development of that disease will be quantified and personalized dietary recommendation can be given for that person.</p><p>The aims of nutrigenomics also includes being able to demonstrate the effect of <font color="#002bb8">bioactive</font> food compounds on health and the effect of health foods on health, which should lead to the development of <font color="#002bb8">functional foods</font> that will keep people healthy according to their individual needs.</p><p>Nutrigenomics is a rapidly emerging science still in its beginning stages. It is uncertain whether the tools to study protein expression and metabolite production have been developed to the point as to enable efficient and reliable measurements. Also once such research has been achieved, it will need to be integrated together in order to produce results and dietary recommendations. All of these technologies are still in the process of development.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><h2><span class="mw-headline"font>References</span></h2>

<li id="cite_note-0"><strong><font color="#002bb8000000">^</fontstrong>^</strong> Chavez A, Munoz de Chavez M (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics in public health nutrition:</em> short-term perspectives<em>&quot;. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57(Suppl. 1)97-100</em> </font> </li> <li id="cite_note-muller-1"><font color="#000000">^ ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">a</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">b</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">c</font></strong></em>} ^{<em><strong><font color="#002bb8">d</font></strong></em>} M&uuml;ller M, Kersten S. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutrigenomics: Goals and Perspectives.</em>&quot;. Nature Reviews Genetics 4. 315 -322 </font></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><font color="#002bb8000000">^</fontstrong>^</strong> Trayhurn P. (2003). &quot;<em>Nutritional genomics-&quot;Nutrigenomics&quot;</em>&quot;. British Journal Nutrition. 89:1-2 </font></li>

<p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h3><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">Articles</font></span></h3>

<li><font color="#000000">Kaput J, Perlina A, Hatipoglu B, Bartholomew A, Nikolsky Y. <font color="#3366bb">&quot;Nutrigenomics: concepts and applications to pharmacogenomics and clinical medicine&quot;</font> Pharmacogenomics. 8(4) 2007 </font></li>

<p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">See also</font></span></h2>

<li><font color="#002bb8000000">Diet (nutrition)</font> </li> <li><font color="#002bb8000000">Nutritional genomics</font> </li> <li><font color="#002bb8000000">Public Health Genomics</font> </li>

<p><font color="#000000">&nbsp;</font></p><h2><span class="mw-headline"><font color="#000000">External links</font></span></h2>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu" rel="nofollow" href="http://nutrigenomics.ucdavis.edu/"><font color="#3366bb000000">Center for Nutritional Genomics, University of California, Davis multi-disciplinary research in nutritional genomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nugo.org" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nugo.org/"><font color="#3366bb000000">NuGO - the European Nutrigenomics Organisation</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.nutrigenomics.org.nz/"><font color="#3366bb000000">The New Zealand Nutrigenomics Collaboration</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li> <li><a class="external text" title="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html" rel="nofollow" href="http://www.isnn.info/isnn.html"><font color="#3366bb000000">ISNN - International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li>

<li><a class="external text" title="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf" rel="nofollow" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowPDF&amp;ProduktNr=223064&amp;ArtikelNr=59578&amp;filename=59578.pdf"><font color="#3366bb000000">&quot;Genetic Variation and Dietary Response&quot; from World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics, Vol. 80</font></a><font color="#000000"> </font> </li>